Note: The following is a list of key fire science publications on the broad theme of "Wildland Fire in Western Landscapes."
In order of priority, criteria for selection to this list included:

1) MOST CURRENT: articles were selected from 1989 to 2002, when the literature search ended, with a few pre-1989 classical and /or critical publications added to the list. Selections were peer-reviewed science publications, with an emphasis on journal articles.

2) MOST CITED: an objective, qantitative assessment based on number of cites referenced in the Science Citation Index.

3) MOST IMPORTANT: a subjective, qualitative assessment focused on fire and fuels in forested ecosystems at stand, watershed, and landscape-scales, with final results helped by informal consultations with agency, academic, and conservation fire scientists.

These fire science publications should be useful for scientists, managers, conservationists, students, and other concerned citizens to acquire and use in research projects, NEPA comments processes, and public education efforts.

Key Fire Science Books and Papers Published Prior to 2002:

1. BioScience. 1989. Special issue on Yellowstone fires edition. BioScience. Vol. 39, No. 10.

2. Agee, J. K. Fire and weather disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems of the eastern Cascades. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.; 1994; Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-320. 52 pages.

3. ---. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Covelo, CA: Island Press; 1993. 493 pages .

4. --. Fire regimes and approaches for determining fire history.In. The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1996; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341.

5. ---. The influence of forest structure on fire behavior. In. Proceedings, 17th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference; Redding, CA. 1996: 52-68.

6. ---. The severe weather wildfire-too hot to handle? Northwest Sci. 1997; 71(1):153-156.

7. --. Wilderness fire science: a state-of-knowledge review. Wilderness science in a time of change conference--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; May 23-27, 1999; Missoula, MT. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1999; Proceedings RMRS; P-15-VOL-5. p. 5-22.

8. Agee, J. K.; Bahro, B.; Finney, M. A.; Omi, P. N.; Sapsis, D. B.; Skinner, C. N.; van Wagtendonk, J. W., and Weatherspoon, C. P. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest Ecology and Management. 2000; 127:55-66.

9. Agee, J. K.; Wakimoto, R. H., and Biswell, H. H. Fire and fuel dynamics of Sierra Nevada conifers. Forest Ecology and Management. 1978; 1:255-265.

10. Agee, James K.; Wright, Clinton S.; Williamson, Nathan C., and Huff, Mark H. Foliar moisture content of Pacific Northwest vegetation and its relation to wildland fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management. 2002 Aug; 167(1-3):57-66.

11. Albini, F. A. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. Intermountain Forest and Range Exp. Station; 1976; USDA FS General Technical Report, INT-GTR-30. 92 p.

12. Alexander, M. E. Calculating and interpreting forest fire intensities. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1983; 60(4):349-357.

13. Allen, C. D., Tech. Ed. Fire effects in southwestern forests. Proceedings of the second La Mesa fire symposium, Los Alamos, NM, March 29-31, 1994. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1996; Gen. Tech Rep. RM-GTR-286.

14. Alvarado, E.; Sandberg, D. V., and Pickford, S. G. Modeling large forest fires as extreme events. Northwest Sci. 1998; 72(Special Issue).

15. Anderson, H. E. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior: USDA, Forest Service; 1982; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-122.

16. --. Predicting wind-driven wild land fire size and shape: USDA, Forest Service; 1983; Research Paper INT-305.

17. Andrews, P. L. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system-BURN Subsystem, part 1. Ogden, Utah: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1986; Gen. Tech. Report INT-194. 130 p.

18. Andrews, P. L. and Williams, J. T. Fire potential evaluation in support of prescribed fire risk assessment. In. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20; Boise, ID. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station; 1998: 64-68.

19. Arbaugh, M. J.; Schilling, S.; Merzenich, J., and van Wagtendonk, J. W. A test of the strategic fuels management model VDDT using historical data from Yosemite National Park. In: Neuenschwander, L. F. and Ryan, K. C., tech. eds. Proceedings of the Joint Fire Sciences Conference, Vol. II: University of Idaho and International Association of Wildland Fire; 2000: 85-89. 312.

20. Arno, M. K. Reestablishing fire-adapted communities to riparian forests in the ponderosa pine zone.In. The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. Ogden UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1996; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341.

21. --. The seminal importance of fire in ecosystem management--impetus for this publication.In. The Use of Fire in Forest Restoration. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1996; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341.

22. Arno, S. F.; Harrington, M. G.; Fiedler, C. E., and Carlson, C. E. Restoring Fire-dependent ponderosa pine forests in western Montana. Rest. Mgmt. Notes. 1995; 13(1):32-36.

23. Arno, S. F.; Smith, H. Y., and Krebs, M. A. Old growth ponderosa pine and western larch stand structures: influences of pre-1900 fires and fire exclusion. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1997; Res. Pap. INT-RP-495. 20 p.

24. Arno, Stephen F. and Brown, James K. Overcoming the paradox in managing wildland fire. Western Wildlands. 1991; 17(1):40-46.

25. Arno, Stephen F.; Parsons, David J., and Keane, Robert E. Mixed-severity fire regimes in the Northern Rocky Mountains: consequences of fire exclusion and options for the future.In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T., and O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; May 23-27, 1999; Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station;
; RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 225-232.

26. Baeza, M. J.; DeLuis, M.; Raventos, J., and Escarre, A. Factors influencing fire behavior in shrublands of different stand ages and the implications for using prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risk. Journal of Environmental Management. 2002 Jun; 65(2):135-152.

27. Baird, M.; Zabowski, D., and Everett, R. L. Wildfire effects on carbon and nitrogen in inland coniferous forests. Plant and Soil. 1999; 209(2):233-243.

28. Baisan, C. H. and Swetnam, T. W. Interactions of fire regimes and land use in the Central Rio Grande Valley. Res. Pap. RM-RP-330. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Station; 199720 p.

29. Baker, W. L. Effect of scale and spatial heterogeneity on fire interval distributions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1989; 19:700-706.

30. ---. Restoration of landscape structure altered by fire suppression. Conserv. Biol. 1994; 8(3):763-769.

31. Baker, W. L. and Ehle, D. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2001 Jul; 31(7):1205-1226.

32. Barrett, S. W.; Arno, S. F., and Menakis, J. P. Fire episodes in the inland northwest (1540-1940) based on fire history data. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1997; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-370. 17 p.

33. Beaty, R. Matthew and Taylor, Alan H. Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography. 2001 Aug; 28(8):955-966.

34. Beebe, Grant S. and Omi, Philip N. Wildland burning: the perception of risk. Journal of Forestry. 1993; 91(9):19-24.

35. Bessie, W. C. and Johnson, E. A. The relative importance of fuels and weather on fire behavior in subalpine forests. Ecology. 1995; 76(3):747-762.

36. Biswell, H. H. Fire ecology in ponderosa pine-grassland. Proceedings in the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, No. 12; Lubbock, TX. Tall Timbers Research Station; 1972: 69-96.

37. ---. Prescribed burning in California wildlands vegetation. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press; 1989.

38. Boyd, Robert. Indians, fire, and the land in the Pacific Northwest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press; 1999. 313 pages .

39. Brown, A. A. and Davis, K. P. Forest Fire Control and Use. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1973.

40. Brown, James K. A case for management ignitions in wilderness. Fire Management Notes. 1992; 53/54(4):3-8.

41. Brown, James K. and Smith, Jane Kapler, co-editors. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. Ogden, Utah: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2000; Gen Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. 257 p.

42. Brown, P. M.; Kaye, M. W.; Huckaby, L. S., and Baisan, C. H. Fire history along environmental gradients in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: influences of local patterns and regional processes. Ecoscience. 2001; 8(1):115-126.

43. Brown, Peter M.; Kaufmann, Merrill R., and Shepperd, Wayne D. Long-term, landscape patterns of past fire events in a montane ponderosa pine forest of central Colorado. Landscape Ecology. 1999 Dec; 14(6):513-532.

44. Brown, Peter M. and Sieg, Carolyn H. Historical variability in fire at the ponderosa pine Norther Great Plains prairie ecotone, southeastern Black Hills, South Dakota. Ecoscience. 1999; 6(4):539-547.

45. Burgan, R. E. and Rothermel, R. C. BEHAVE: Fire behavior prediction and fuel modeling system--Fuel modeling subsystem. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service; 1984; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-167.

46. Caldwell, T. G.; Johnson, D. W.; Miller, W. W., and Qualls, R. G. Forest floor carbon and nitrogen losses due to prescription fire. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2002 Jan-2002 Feb 28; 66(1):262-267.

47. Call, Patrick T. and Albini, Frank A. Aerial and surface fuel consumption in crown fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 1997; 7(3):259-264.

48. Caprio, A. C. and Swetnam, T. W. Historic fire regimes along an elevational gradient on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, California.In: Brown, J. K.; Mutch, R. W.; Spoon, C. W., and Wakimoto, R. H., tech. coords. Proceedings: Symposium on Fire in Wilderness and Park Management. USDA Forest Service; 1995; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-320. 173-179.

49. Caprio, Anthony C. and Graber, David M. Returning fire to the mountains: can we successfully restore the ecological role of pre-European fire regimes to the Sierra Nevada?In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T., and O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Proceedings: wilderness science in a time of change--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; May 23-27, 1999, Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2000; RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 233-241.

50. Chandler, C.; Cheney, P.; Thomas, P.; Trabaud, L., and Williams, D. Fire in forestry. Vol. 1. Forest fire behavior and effects. New York: Wiley; 1983; p. 450.

51. Chang, C. and Urban, D. L. Climatic gradients, fuel accumulation, and the formation of fire regimes. Abstracts, Landscape Ecology Symposium; East Lansing.

52. ---. Scaling fire regimes. Abstracts, annual meeting of Ecological Society of America; Baltimore, Maryland. 1998: p. 43.

53. Chang, C. R. Understanding fire regimes. Durham, N.C.: Duke University; 1999.

54. Choromanska, U. and DeLuca, T. H. Prescribed fire alters the impact of wildfire on soil biochemical properties in a ponderosa pine forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 2001 Jan-2001 Feb 28; 65(1):232-238.

55. Christensen, N. L. Variable fire regimes on complex landscapes: Ecological consequences, policy implications, and management strategies.In: Nodvin, S. C. and Waldrop, T. A., tech. coords. Fire and the environment: Ecological and cultural perspecitives. Ashville, NC: USDA, Forest Service, Southeastern Research Station; 1991; Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-69. ix-xiii.

56. Christensen, Norman L. Wilderness and high intensity fire: how much is enough. In. High intensity fire in wildlands: management challenges and options; Tallahassee, FL. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station; 1991: 9-24.

57. Christensen, Norman L.; Agee, James K.; Brussard, P. F.; Hughes, J.; Knight, Dennis H.; Minshall, G. W.; Peek, J. M.; Pyne, Stephen; Swanson, Fredrick J.; Thomas, J. W.; Wells, S.; Williams, S. E., and Wright, H. A. Interpreting the Yellowstone fires of 1988: Ecosystem responses and management implications. BioScience. 1989; 39(10):678-685.

58. Cohen, J. D. Preventing disaster--Home ignitability in the wildland-urban interface. J. Forest. 2000 Mar; 98(3):15-21.

59. Cooper, C. F. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forest since white settlement. Ecological Monographs. 1960; 30(2):129-164.

60. ---. The ecology of fire. Scientific American. 1961; 204:150-160.

61. Countryman, C. M. Old-growth conversion also converts fireclimate. In. Proceedings of Society of American Foresters meeting; Portland, OR. Washington, D.C.: Society of American Foresters; 1955: 158-160.

62. Covington, W. W.; Fule, P. Z.; Moore, M. M.; Hart, S. C.; Kolb, T. E.; Mast, J. N.; Sackett, S. S., and Wagner, M. R. Restoring ecosystem health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest. Journal of Foresty. 1997; 95(4):23-29.

63. Covington, W. W. and Moore, M. M. Post-settlement changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure: ecological restoration of old-growth ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 1994; 2:153-181.

64. ---. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry. 1994a; 92:39-47.

65. Crawfors, Julie A.; Wahren, C. H. A.; Kyle, S., and Moir, W. H. Responses of exotic plant species to fires in Pinus ponderosa forests in northern Arizona. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2001 Apr; 12(2):261-268.

66. DeBano, L. F. The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: a review. J. Hydrology. 2000 May 29; 231(Sp. Iss.):195-206.

67. Deeming, J. E. Effects of prescribed fire on wildfire occurrence and severity. In: Walstad, J. D et al, eds. Natural and prescribed fire in Pacific northwest forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press; pp. 95-104.

68. DellaSala, Dominick A. and Frost, Evan. An Ecologically based strategy for fire and fuels management in national forest roadless areas. Fire Management Today. 2001; 61(2):12-24.

69. DeLong, S. Craig and Kessler, Winifred B. Ecological characteristics of mature forest remnants left by wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management. 2000 Jun; 131(1-3):93-106.

70. DeLuca, T. H. and Zouhar, D. L. Effects of selection harvest and prescribed fire on the soil nitrogen status of ponderosa pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 2000 Nov 1; 138(1-3):263-271.

71. Everett, Richard L.; Schellhaas, Richard; Keenum, Dave; Spurbeck, Don, and Ohlson, Pete. Fire history in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests on the east slope of the Washington Cascades. Forest Ecology and Management. 2000 Apr; 129(1-3):207-225.

72. Ffolliott, Peter F. and others, technical coordinators. Effects of fire on Madrean Province ecosystems. Proceeding from the second conference on the Madrean Archipelago/Sky Island ecosystem, March 11-15, 1996, Tucson, AZ. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountian Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1996; Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-289. 277.

73. Fiedler, C. E.; Arno, S. F., and Harrington, M. G. Reintroducing fire in ponderosa pine-fir forests after a century of fire exclusion. In: Pruden, Teresa L. and Brennan, Leonard A., eds. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription.Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20; 1998: 245-249.

74. Finney, M. A. FARSITE fire area simulator. Systems for Environmental Management. Missoula, Montana; 1995.

75. Finney, M. A. Fire growth modeling in the Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Management and Engineering Society. 1995; 189-191.

76. Finney, M. A. The missing tail and other considerations for the use of fire history models. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 1995; 5:197-202.

77. ---. Modeling the spread and behavior of prescribed natural fires. In: Cohen, J. D.; Saveland, J. M., and Wade, D. D., eds. Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology.Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters; 1994: 138-143.

78. Finney, Mark A. Design of regular landscape fuel treatment patterns for modifying fire growth and behavior. Forest Science. 2001 May; 47(2):219-228.

79. Fischer, William C. and Arno, Stephen, eds. Protecting people and homes from wildfire in the interior west.In. Proceedings of the symposium and workshop, Missoula, Montana, 1987. Ogden, Utah: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1988; Gen. Tech. Rep.

80. Flannigan, M. D.; Stocks, B. J., and Wotton, B. M. Climate change and forest fires. Science of the Total Environment. 2000 Nov 15; 262(3):221-229.

81. Floyd, M. Lisa; Romme, William H., and Hanna, David D. Fire history and vegetation pattern in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecological Applications. 2000; 10(6):1666-1680.

82. Foster, David R.; Knight, Dennis H., and Franklin, Jerry F. Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large, infrequent forest disturbances. Ecosystems. 1998 Nov-1998 Dec 31; 1(6):497-510.

83. Foxx, T. S. Vegetation succession after the La Mesa fire at Bandelier National Monument.: USDA, Forest Service; 1996; RM-GTR-286. 47-69.

84. Fule, P. Z.; Waltz, A. E. M; Covington, W. W., and et al. Measuring forest restoration effectiveness in reducing hazardous fuels. J. Forest. 2001 Nov; 99(11):24-29.

85. Fullmer, D. G; Rogers, R. R.; Manley, J. D., and Stephenson, N. L. Restoration as a component of ecosystem management for giant sequoia groves in California. In: Peterson, D. L. and Klimas, C. V., eds. The Role of Restoration in Ecosystem Management. Madison, Wisconsin: Society for Ecological Restoration; 1996; pp. 109-115.

86. Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jain, Theresa B., and Tonn, Jonalea R. The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in Western forests. US Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. 1999 Sep; 0(463):1-27.

87. Gray, Andrew N. and Franklin, Jerry F. Effects of multiple fires on the structure of southwestern Washington forests. Northwest Science. 1997; 71(3):174-185.

88. Green, L. R. and Schimke, H. E. Guides for fuel breaks and the Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer type. Station Report. Berkeley, CA: USDA, Forest Service; 1971.

89. Green, L. R. and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Fuelbreaks and other fuel modification for wildland fire control. Agriculture Handbook-USDA. 1977; 499:79.

90. Gresswell, Robert. E. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 1999; 128(2):193-221.

91. Grissino-Mayer, H. D. and Swetnam, T. W. Century-scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest. Holocene. 2000 Mar; 10(2):213-220.

92. Gruell, George E. Fire and vegetative trends in the Northern Rockies: Interpretations from 1871-1982. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1983; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-158.

93. Gutsell, S. L.; Johnson, E. A.; Miyanishi, K.; Keeley, J. E.; Dickinson, M., and Bridge, S. R. J. Varied ecosystems need different fire protection. Nature. 2001; 409:377.

94. Guyette, R. P.; Muzika, R. M., and Dey, D. C. Dynamics of an anthropogenic fire regime. Ecosystems. 2002 Aug; 5(5):472-486.

95. Haase, S. M. and Sackett, S. S., Effects of prescribed fire in giant sequoia--mixed conifer stands in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. In: Pruden, T. L. and Brennan, L. A., eds. Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription: Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings 20.; 1998: 236-243.

96. Haggard, Maryellen and Gaines, William L. Effects of stand-replacement fire and salvage logging on a cavity-nesting bird community in eastern Cascades, Washington. Northwest Science. 20001 Fall; 75(4):387-396.

97. Hardy, Colin C. and Arno, S. F., Eds. Proceedings: the use of fire in forest restoration: a general session at the annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration. September 14-16, 1995, Seattle, WA. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1996; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-341. 86 p.

98. Hardy, Colin C.; Schmidt, Kirsten M.; Menakis, James P., and Sampson, R. Neil. Spatial data for national fire planning and fuel management. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2001; 10(3-4):353-372.

99. Hargrove, W. W.; Gardner, R. H.; Turner, M. G., and et al. Simulating fire patterns in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecological Modelling. 2000 Dec 5; 135(2-3):243-263.

100. Heilein, Thomas A.; Covington, W. Wallace; Fule, Peter Z.; Moore, Margaret M., and Smith, Hiram B. Development of ecological restoration experiments in Grand Canyon National Park.In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T., and O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; May 23-27, 1999; Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2000; RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 249-254.

101. Heinselman, M. L. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems.In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnickson, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E., and Reiners, W. A., tech. coords. Proceedings of conference, fire regimes and ecosystem properties. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Forest Service; 1981; Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. 7-57.

102. Heinselman, Miron L. Fire regimes and management options in ecosystems with large high-intensity fires.In: Lotan, James E.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Fischer, William C., and Mutch, Robert W., eds. Proceedings--symposium and workship on wilderness fire, Nov. 15-18, 1983; Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1985; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182. 81-86.

103. Hemstrom, M. A. and Franklin, J. F. Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park. Quaternary Research. 1982; 18:32-51.

104. Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Brubaker, Linda B., and Agee, James K. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes: A multiscale example from the interior West, USA. Ecology. 2001 Mar; 82(3):660-678.

105. Hourdequin, Marion and Wright, Vita, series eds. Linking wilderness research and management-volume 1. Wilderness fire restoration and management: an annotated reading list. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2001; GTR-RMRS-79-VOL 1. 40 pgs.

106. Huff, Mark H.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Alvarado, Ernesto; Vihanek, Robert. E.; Lehmkuhl, John F.; Hessburg, Paul F., and Everett, Richard L. Historical and current forest landscapes in eastern Oregon and Washington. Part II: Linking vegetation characteristics to potential fire behavior and related smoke production. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; 1995; Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-355. 43 p.

107. Johnson, Charles Grier Jr. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeartern Oregon. 1998. v+128p.

108. Johnson, Edward A. and Miyanishi, Kiyoko. Forest fires: behavior and ecological effects. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.; 2001. 549 pages .

109. Johnson, K. N.; Sessions, J.; Franklin, J., and Gabriel, J. Integrating wildfire into strategic planning for Sierra Nevada forests. Journal of Forestry. 1998 Jan; 42-49.

110. Kalabokidis, K Kostas D. and Omi, Phillip N. Reduction of fire hazard through thinning/residue disposal in the urban interface. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 1998; 8(1):29-35.

111. Kalabokidis, Kostas D. Effects of wildfire suppression chemicals on people and the environment--a review. Global Nest: the Int. J. 2000; 2(2):129-137.

112. Kammes, J. S., tech. coord. Effects of fire management of southwestern natural resources. Proceedings of a symposium. USDA, Forest Service; 1990; Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191.

113. Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Regan, Claudia M., and Brown, Peter M. Heterogeneity in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests: Age and size structure in unlogged and logged landscapes of central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2000 May; 30(5):698-711.

114. Keane, Robert E.; Burgan, Robert, and van Wagtendonk, Jan. Mapping wildlands fuels for fire management across multiple scales: Integrating remote sensing, GIS, and biophysical modeling. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2001; 10(3-4):301-319.

115. Keeley, J. E. and Fotheringham, C. J. History and management of crown-fire ecosystems: A summary and response. Conservation Biology. 2001; 15:1561-1567.

116. Keeley, J. E.; Fotheringham, C. J., and Morais, Marco. Reexamining fire suppression impacts on brushland fire regimes. Science. 1999 Jun 11; 284(5421):1829-1832.

117. Keeley, Jon E. and Stephenson, Nathan L. Restoring natural fire regimes to the Sierra Nevada in an era of global change.In: Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F.; Borrie, William T., and O'Loughlin, Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; May 23-27, 1999; Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2000; RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. 255-265.

118. Keifer, M.; Stephenson, N. L., and Manley, J. Prescribed fire as the minimum tool for wilderness forest and fire regime restoration: a case study from the Sierra Nevada, California.Cole, David N.; McCool, Stephen F., and Borrie, William T. and O'Loughlin Jennifer, comps. Wilderness science in a time of change conference--Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; Missoula, MT. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station; 2000: 266-269.

119. Keyes, C. R. and O'Hara, K. L. Quantifying stand targets for silvicultural prevention of crown fires. West. J. Appl. For. 2002 Apr; 17(2):101-109.

120. Kilgore, B. M. The role of fire frequency and intensity in ecosystem distrubution and structure: western forests and scrublands.In: Mooney, H. A. et al, tech. coords. Proceedings of the Conference on fire regimes and ecosystem properties. USDA, Forest Service; 1981; Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. 58-89.

121. Kilgore, B. M. and Sando, R. W. Crown-fire potential in a sequoia forest after prescribed burning. For. Sci. 1975; 21:83-87.

122. Kilgore, Bruce M. The role of fire in wilderness: a state-of-knowledge review.In: Lucas, R. C., ed. Proceedings: National wilderness research conference: issues, state-of-knowledge, future directions; July 23-26, 1985; Fort Collins, CO. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station; 1986; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-220. 70-103.

123. --. What is "natural" in wilderness fire management?In: Lotan, James E.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Fischer, William C., and Mutch, Robert W., tech coords. Proceedings--symposium and workship on wilderness fire. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 1985; Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182. 57-67.

124. Kipfmueller, Kurt F. and Baker, William F. A comparison of three techniques to date stand-replacing fires in lodgepole pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 1998 May 12; 104(1-3):171-177.

125. Kipfmueller, Kurt F. and Baker, William L. A fire history of a subalpine forest in southeastern Wyoming, USA. Journal of Biogeograpy. 2000 Jan; 27(1):71-85.

126. Kitzberger, T.; Swetnam, T. W., and Veblen, T. T. Inter-hemispheric synchrony of forest fires and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 2001 May; 10(3):315-326 .

127. Knapp, Paul A. Spatio-temporal patterns of large grassland fires in the Intermountain West, USA. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters. 1998 Jul; 7(4):259-272.

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